Virtual Living History Farms
Living History Farms is a museum in Urbandale, Iowa, USA. As its name
implies, the museum follows the methodology of living history in depicting the
lives of people living in on farms in the years of 1700, 1850 and 1900 engaging
in various agricultural activities. The museum also features a town area
mimicking a small town in Iowa in the year 1875.
Dr. William G. Murray, an agricultural economist from Iowa State University, and
two-time gubernatorial candidate founded the organization, and it opened to the
public in 1970.
The museum is divided by Interstate 35/80 and a tractor-drawn cart transports
you from the Visitor Center to the west side of the museum. After visiting the
1700 Ioway Farm, 1850 Farm, 1900 Farm and Wallace Exhibit Center, visitors
return to the east side of the interstate. The 1875 town of Walnut Hill features
multiple structures, including the Martin and Ellen Flynn Home and barn, both
original to the site.
The particular type of interpretation employed at Living History Farms is a mix
of non-role playing first person and third person, so while the people visitors
interact with in the museum may be dressed in the manner of the appropriate time
period, but do not attempt to "act" as if they are truly the person they are
interpreting (accents, etc.). The presenters often perform the work, and thus
will say, "I baked this bread," or they address audiences with phrases such as
"This is how a Print Shop would look in the year 1875." However, since the
presenters do not role play, you can ask questions about modern issues, and
receive a direct answer.
In 1999, attendance reached 110,092 museum visitors, with an additional 29,675
attending the Farms' non-museum activities (i.e., facility rentals).
Living History Farms was the site of Pope John Paul II's ecuminical service,
mass and homily to an audience of nearly 400,000 on October 4, 1979.
A farm is an area of land devoted to the production and management of food,
either produce or livestock. It is the basic unit in agricultural production.
Farms may be owned and operated by a single individual, family, or community, or
by a corporation or company. A farm can be a holding of any size from a fraction
of a hectare to several thousand hectares.
A business producing tree fruits or nuts is called an orchard; a vineyard
produces raisins, wine or table grapes. The stable is used for operations
principally involved in the production of horses and other animals and
livestock. A farm that is primarily used for the production of milk and dairy is
a dairy farm. A market garden or truck farm is a farm that raises vegetables,
but little or no grain. Additional specialty farms include fish farms, which
raise fish in captivity as a food source, and tree farms, which grow trees for
sale for transplant, lumbering, or decorative use.
The development of farming and farms was an important component in establishing
towns. Once people have moved from hunting and/or gathering and from simple
horticulture to active farming, social arrangements of roads, distribution,
collection, and marketing can evolve. With the exception of plantations and
colonial farms, farm sizes tend to be small in newly-settled lands and to extend
as transportation and markets become sophisticated. Farming rights have been the
central tenet of a number of revolutions, wars of liberation, and post-colonial
economics.
Farmland in the USA. Round farms are a water conservation effort. Photo taken
from the window of an airliner.
Enlarge picture
Farmlands in Hebei province, China.
Concept of farming
Agriculture
Traditionally, the goal of farming was to create a profit, and to produce an
amount of cultivated material (i.e. corn, wheat, etc) so that the resulting
harvest has more worth than the cost of planting such a harvest. The costs could
include the acquisition of seeds as well as the time and energy required to tend
to such a venture. The resulting product is often used to sustain those who farm
as both a food to eat and a commodity to sell.
The term farming covers a wide spectrum of agricultural production work. At one
end of this spectrum is the subsistence farmer, who farms a small area with
limited resource inputs, and produces only enough food to meet the needs of
his/her family. At the other end is commercial intensive agriculture, including
industrial agriculture. Such farming involves large fields and/or numbers of
animals, large resource inputs (pesticides, fertilizers, etc.), and a high level
of mechanization. These operations generally attempt to maximize financial
income from grain, produce, or livestock.
Specialized farms
Dairy farms
Dairy farming
A milking machine in action.
Dairy farming is a class of agricultural enterprise, where female mammals
animals cattle, goats, or other lactating animals are raised for long-term
appropriation of their milk, which may be either processed on-site or
transported to a dairy for processing and eventual retail sale.
In most Western countries, a centralized dairy facility processes milk and
products obtained from milk (dairy products), such as cream, butter, eggs and
cheese. In the United States, these dairies are usually local companies, while
in the southern hemisphere facilities may be run by very large nationwide or
trans-national corporations (such as Fonterra).
Dairy farms sell the male calves borne by their mothers, usually for veal meat,
rather than raising non-milk-producing stock. Many dairy farms also grow their
own feed, typically including corn, alfalfa, and hay. This is fed directly to
the cows, or stored as silage for use during the winter season. Additional
dietary supplements are added to the feed to increase quality milk production.
Poultry farms
Poultry farms are devoted to raising chickens, turkeys, ducks, and other fowl,
generally for meat or eggs.
Ownership
Farm control and ownership has traditionally been a key indicator of status and
power, especially in agrarian societies. The distribution of farm ownership has
historically been closely linked to form of government. Medieval feudalism was
essentially a system that centralized control of farmland, control of farm labor
and political power, while the early American democracy, in which land ownership
was a prerequisite for voting rights, was built on relatively easy paths to
individual farm ownership. However, the gradual modernization and mechanization
of farming, which greatly increases both the efficiency and capital requirements
of farming, has led to increasingly large farms owned by individuals or
corporations. This has usually been accompanied by the decoupling of political
power from farm ownership.
Forms of ownership
In some societies (especially socialist and communist), collective farming is
the norm, with either government ownership of the land or common ownership by a
local group. Especially in societies without widespread industrialized farming,
tenant farming and sharecropping are common; farmers either pay landowners for
the right to use farmland or give up a portion of the crops.
History
History of agriculture
The practice of agriculture first began around 8000 BC in the Fertile Crescent
of Mesopotamia (part of present day Iraq, Turkey, Syria and Jordan which was
then greener).
Farms around the world
British Isles and Europe
Enlarge picture
Many farms have fallen into disrepair, such as the ruins of Higher Hempshaw's in
Anglezarke, England
In the UK, farm as an agricultural unit, always denotes the area of pasture and
other fields together with its farmhouse and farmyard, barns, cowsheds, stables,
etc. In England there is a vague point when a large farm ceases to be referred
to as a farm and becomes an estate; although this term can refer to a collection
of farms in the same ownership.
North America
Enlarge picture
Farming near Klingerstown, Pennsylvania.
Part of a series on
Horticulture and Gardening
Gardening
Gardening Garden Botanical garden Arboretum Botany Plant
Horticulture
Horticulture Agriculture Urban agriculture City farm Organic farming Herb farm
Hobby farm Intercropping Farm
Customs
Harvest festival Thanksgiving History of agriculture
Plant protection
Phytopathology Pesticide Weed control
This box: ? ? [
The land and buildings of a farm are called the "farmstead." Enterprises where
livestock are raised on rangeland are called ranches. Where livestock are raised
in confinement on feed produced elsewhere, the term feedlot is usually used
In 1910 there were 6,406,000 farms and 10,174,000 family workers; In 2000 there
were only 2,172,000 farms and 2,062,300 family workers.
In the United States, eighty-one percent of all farmworkers are migrant workers,
and seventy-one percent are foreign-born. Eighty percent of farmworkers are men,
with the average age being 31. Additionally, farmworkers earn less than $75,000
per year, making an average hourly rate of less than $27.00. On average,
farmworker families earn $10,000 per year, which is significantly below the 2001
U.S. poverty level of $17,640 for a family of four.
In 2007, corn acres are expected to increase by 15% because of the high demand
for ethanol, both in and outside of the U.S. Producers are expecting to plant
90.5 million acres (366,000 km2) of corn, making it the largest corn crop since
1944.
Australia
Farming is a significant economic sector in Australia. A farm is an area of land
used for primary production which will include buildings.
Where most of the income is from some other employment, and the farm is really
an expanded residence, the term hobby farm is common. This will allow sufficient
size for recreational use but be very unlikely to produce sufficient income to
be self-sustaining. Hobby farms are commonly around 5 acres but may be much
larger depending upon land prices (which vary regionally).
Often very small farms used for intensive primary production are referred to by
the specialization they are being used for, such as a dairy rather than a dairy
farm, a piggery, a market garden, etc. This also applies to feedlots, which are
specifically developed to a single purpose and are often not able to be used for
more general purpose (mixed) farming practices.
In remote areas farms can become quite large. As with estates in England, there
is no defined size or method of operation at which a large farm becomes a
station.
Regardless of size, the term station is only used for farms where the main
activity is grazing. Some cotton farms in north-western New South Wales or
south-western Queensland have been formed by combining previous sheep stations
once sufficient water has become available to allow cotton to be grown
Are you interested in
mult-player online internet games? Such as runescape and neopets?Internet
Game Online-games, tips, cheats and kids forumsAnother good forum is
the Internet Junction For Gamers IJFG.COM Internet
Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and More IJFG.COM Jokes, Pranks,
Runescape and other cool games at IJFG.COM. RuneScape is set in a medieval
fantasy world, similar to "Guild Wars" or "EverQuest", where players control
character representations of themselves. As with most massive multiplayer online
roleplaying games (MMORPG), there is no overall objective or end to the game.
Players explore, form alliances, perform optional tasks, and complete quests for
rewards and to build character's skills.
RuneScape has often been one of
the top massive online role playing games. It is a unique game. But, with a
unique game, comes unique players. Players get bored, and then try to develop
cheats....autos or bots that will help them achieve success in their beloved
games of Runescape 2.
RuneScape is a virtual world which
is divided into two part: Members Areas and Non-Members areas. People who pay to
play (p2p), receive access to the special areas. They also have access to the
free areas. The members' places are much larger, offer "better" items for the
gameplay of rs2, and much, much more. The character that you create when you
first start playing runescape, moves around the game on foot; either by running,
or walking. Players are challenged to their utmost skills by fighting new
monsters, completing difficult quests, and manipulating marketing. As Runescape
2 is an RPG (Role playing game), there is no set path a person must take to play
rs. They can choose what to do, and when, whether it be training their
money-making skills, or fighting another player. Players usually interact with
each other by chatting through public chat, or private chat.Internet
Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and More IJFG.COM IJFG.com was a
runescape 2 based site. They have now, however, taken another look....
Of course the king of all game
cheating websites is
trick
the trik (otherwise known as RPG Cheats Site), where you can find cheat
forums, mmorpg topsite, arcade games and any mmo game related topics.
The master of massive multiplayer
online role-playing games (MMORPG) cheats can be found at Trik.com
Trik.com; this site is one of the best today. The forum section,
Trik.com forum, originally came from IJFG.com (Internet Junction For
Gamers) , which was one of the best websites that discussed various gamers'
issues. The full name was Internet Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and
More. This site had Jokes, Pranks, RuneScape and other cool games. RuneScape is
set in a medieval fantasy world, similar to "Guild Wars" or "EverQuest," where
players control character representations of themselves. As with most MMORPG,
there is no overall objective or end to the game. Players explore, form
alliances, perform optional tasks, and complete quests for rewards and to build
characters' skills.
Trik.com continues IJFG.com's
success, but Trik.com has more to offer. Trik Topsite can be found at
Trik Topsite; the TopSite is a great addition if you want to find the best
MMO RPG site(s) or raise your site in the rankings. Trik.com also has a
viciously competitive Arcade. If you want to be the #1 Arcade on Trik, then come
prove yourself at Trik.com arcade:
Trik arcade. Trik.com ?Trik.com/topsite ?Trik.com/forum/arcade.php
With the rising popularity of
commercial MMORPG games came the desire from ardent players of these games to
run their own servers beside the ones run by the game's creator. Since the
original server software is not usually available, the behavior of the server
has to be re-engineered. This can be done by analyzing the data stream with the
original server, or by disassembling and analyzing the client which is
available.
Ultima Online was one of the first
large MMORPGs. Due to its openness in implementation, server emulators arose
very quickly, even during the beta stage of development. The destination to
which the client connects was changeable by simply editing a text file. In beta
stage the client-server data stream was not encrypted yet. The term server
emulator became known through Ultima Online server reimplementation such as UOX,
which was the pioneer. Many forks and reimplementations followed UOX, because
its source code was released under the GNU General Public License relatively
early. RunUO is today the most widely used UO-server emulator. After RuneScape
implemented anti-cheating measures, many gamers left and started their own
private servers. The best place to discuss the private server is at
Trik- The Master of Private Server.
Another useful site is
Rune
Web ruwb.com . This site is about more serious RuneScape gold trading,
account exchange, gold for real life cash and many services. It includes tips on
how to avoid getting lured/scammed while using the marketplace. For programming,
visual basics, java, C/C++, scar and all other languages such as PHP, HTML, ASP,
Delphi. There are also sections for graphics talents, plus many cool videos and
fun stuff.
A defining moment in internet
gaming history was when a group of gamers called (hygo 7) decided to start an
ultimate game forum, which they named
hygo.com. It has the best financial backing, the friendliest game community,
and the highest quality of information. Currently Hygo.com has entered a new
phase...Hygo.com is offering the best private server game. With thousands of
members, Hygo.com is your next place to visit, as they have an amazing game with
a community and economy.
Hygo.com - The Online Adventure Game. is definitely one of the top sites you
want to join right now!
Ezud.com is now the powerhouse of
Runescape bugs and glitches. All and any rs2 bugs that anyone could ever
want are now found at the
Ezud forum. From a range of infinite running in runescape, to rs item
duping, ezud truly is an amazing glitching site.
Ezud has an excellent administration, and a great
moderating team. When everyone strives to make ezud.com a better place….it
becomes just that: a better place. Everyone contributes, and helps
Ezud strive.
So come on down to the new type of runescape 2 cheating:
runescape bugging. This is Ezud…this is
RuneScape 2 Bug Abuse.
Contact Information
Call our office today to set up an appointment. Learn more about how we can
help you, and learn more about the other services that we can offer you. All
messages we receive will be answered as soon as possible. We look forward to
hearing from you.
- Electronic mail
- General Information:
